A nested‐PCR method for rapid detection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on petals of oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

This study established a quick and accurate method to detect petal infection of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using a nested‐PCR technique. DNA samples were extracted from each petal using a microwave method, followed by two rounds of PCR amplification. The first‐round PCR amplification was performed using the universal fungal primer pair ITS4/ITS5, and the second‐round amplification with a specific primer pair XJJ21/XJJ222, which was designed using the single‐nucleotide polymorphisms among nuclear rDNA ITS sequences of Sclerotinia spp., Botrytis spp. and other selected fungi. The established technique is rapid and inexpensive, and has a high degree of specificity and sensitivity. This assay can distinguish Sclerotinia spp. from other fungi, including Botrytis cinerea, a closely related and frequent cohabitant on oilseed rape petals, and can detect 50 fg genomic DNA, five ascospores of S. sclerotiorumin vitro or 50 ascospores of S. sclerotiorum on one petal in approximately 6 h, even in the presence of a high background of oilseed rape DNA. This technique was successfully applied in detecting natural petal infections.     

油菜菌核病生防芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其脂肽化合物分析

采用平板拮抗筛选,分别从西藏日喀则地区和拉萨地区杂草根围土壤中筛选到2个对油菜菌核病菌有显著拮抗活性的芽孢杆菌菌株RJGP16和YBWC43。通过生理生化鉴定、16S rDNA序列分析和BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析,鉴定菌株RJGP16为萎缩芽孢杆菌Bacillus atrophaeus, 菌株YBWC43为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens。离体叶片试验结果显示,菌株RJGP16和YBWC43对油菜菌核病菌防治效果分别为50.24%和100.00%。脂肽化合物种类分析显示,菌株RJGP16产生脂肽化合物表面活性素和芬枯草菌素,菌株YBWC43产生杆菌霉素D和芬枯草菌素。表明菌株RJGP16和YBWC43对油菜菌核病的防治效果与其产生的脂肽化合物有关。     

油菜小麦邻作模式对麦蚜主要天敌种群动态以及小麦生产的影响*

麦蚜是危害我国小麦生产的重要害虫。本试验探索了油菜小麦邻作模式以及小麦单作模式对麦蚜主要天敌发生的影响,以小麦和油菜交界处向两边各在0、2、4、6、8、16 m处设立试验小区,记录麦蚜主要天敌发生数量以及测定小麦株高、穗长、穗重、千粒重,揭示油菜小麦邻作模式对小麦生产的影响。结果表明：随着油菜的成熟,瓢虫逐渐向油菜小麦邻近处转移,且迁移的最有效距离为4 m;对邻作小麦田蚜茧蜂数量最高峰当日数据进行分析,发现除最高的0 m（2009年）和4 m（2010年）处外,其他各距离之间不存在显著差异,而单作田各距离之间蚜茧蜂数量上的差异不明显;相比于小麦单作模式,油菜小麦邻作显著提高了小麦的株高、穗长、穗重、千粒重。总之,油菜小麦邻作模式有利于麦蚜主要天敌向小麦田转移,并能提高小麦的产量和生物量。     

红壤地油菜上施用的尿素态氮的去向及尿素在提高油菜产量中的效率

Fate of urea nitrogen(N) applied to rape grown on a red soil was investigated by the 15N mass balance technique.and efficiency of urea and effect of nutrients balance in raising rape yield were investigated in a field plot experiment.One hundred and thirty -eight kg N/ha,86kg N/ha as basal dressing and 52 kg N/ha as top dressing,was applied with band application technique.The experiment was conducted in the southeast of china ,near Yingtan City,Jianxi Province.Results from 15N mass balance study showed that when urea urea was applied as basal dressing the plant recovery was 44.0% of the applied N for Treatment T (with application of N,P,K,B and lime),Plant recoveries were 38.0%-40.5% for Treatments-K,-B-lime and RS(without application of K,B or lime as well as with additional rice straw compared with Teatment T),which were not significantly different from Treatment T.In contrast ,plant recovery was only 5.1% for Treatment-P(without application of P), indicating that P was the factor limiting N uptake by rape.However,N remaining in 0-0.30 m soil was high up to 71.6% for Treatment-P,while the corresponding data were 33.0%-42.6% for the other treatments.The total recovery of applied N(including plant recovery and N remaining in 0-0.60 m soil) was 91.5% for Treatment T when urea was applied as basal dressing,while almost all the applied N was recovered when ureawas applied as top drssing,It was suggested that N loss was greatly controlled by using band application method in this experiment.Results from the field plot experiment field plot experiment showed that N supply capacity of this red soil was very low,and the efficiency of the applied N was quite high,7.1kg rape seed was increased by application of one kg N for Treatment T.Nitrogen and phosphorus were the key factors limiting rape yield,and the yield was very low when neither of them was applied.The yield in Treatment-K was significantly lower than that in Treatment T,With the former accounting for 77% of the later.     

油菜目标产量施肥数学模型及氮磷钾肥推荐措施研究

采用三因素二次通用旋转组合设计,对豫南黄棕壤区油菜施用氮、磷、钾肥进行定量研究。建立了油菜目标产量函数模型;通过模型解析选优,确定了每公顷油菜目标产量≥2250 kg;≥1875 kg;≥1500 kg及最高产量的施肥推荐措施。     

不同品种油菜氮效率差异及其成因分析

采用盆栽试验，以氮胁迫与正常供氮条件下籽粒产量的比值作为氮效率系数，探讨了不同品种油菜氮效率差异及其生理基础。结果表明，所测定的8个油菜品种氮效率系数的变化范围是0．37～0．69；氮胁迫与正常供氮条件下不同油菜品种植株氮素累积吸收量、生长后期茎叶氮素转运率及氮素生理效率的比值不同，氮效率高的品种，其比值高，反之亦然;在氮素供应水平低的情况下，氮效率高的品种具有较长的根长、较多的侧根、较高的茎叶硝态氮再利用量和叶片硝酸还原酶活性。     

油菜红边特征及其叶面积指数的高光谱估算模型

在2003～2004年油菜生长季，选用6个油菜品种，设置3个氮素水平的小区试验。在不同发育期同步测定油菜冠层的光谱反射率及对应叶片的叶面积指数。利用油菜冠层的光谱反射率数据提取红边参数，分析其变化规律，油菜叶面积指数与红边参数的相关性，估算结果表明：油菜冠层红边一阶导数光谱具有“双峰” 现象，红边位置λ_red位于690～720 nm之间，在油菜生长旺盛期间出现“红边平台”，前期有“红移”，后期有“蓝移”现象；叶面积指数与冠层光谱红边参数λ_red、Dλ_red、S_red之间在开花前存在显著相关，但开花后相关性不显著；利用开花前的红边参数可以估算油菜的叶面积指数，开花后的红边参数不能用于估算油菜的叶面积指数；最后建立了不同时期和开花前油菜叶面积指数的估算模型。     

Root growth and N‐uptake activity of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars differing in nitrogen efficiency

Nitrate‐N uptake from soil depends on root growth and uptake activity. However, under field conditions N‐uptake activity is difficult to estimate from soil‐N depletion due to different loss pathways. We modified the current mesh‐bag method to estimate nitrate‐N‐uptake activity and root growth of two oilseed‐rape cultivars differing in N‐uptake efficiency. N‐efficient cultivar (cv.) ‘Apex' and N‐inefficient cv. ‘Capitol' were grown in a field experiment on a silty clayey gleyic fluvisol near Göttingen, northern Germany, and fertilized with 0 (N₀) and 227 (N₂₂₇) kg N ha^–1. In February 2002, PVC tubes with a diameter of 50 mm were installed between plant rows at 0–0.3 and 0–0.6 m soil depth with an angle of 45°. At the beginning of shooting, beginning of flowering, and at seed filling, the PVC tubes were substituted by PVC tubes (compartments) of the same diameter, but with an open window at the upper side either at a soil depth of 0–0.3 or 0.3–0.6 m allowing roots to grow into the tubes. Anion‐exchange resin at the bottom of the compartment allowed estimation of nitrate leaching. The compartments were then filled with root‐free soil which was amended with or without 90 mg N (kg soil)^–1. The newly developed roots and nitrate‐N depletion were estimated in the compartments after the installing period (21 d at shooting stage and 16 d both at flowering and grain‐filling stages). Nitrate‐N depletion was estimated from the difference between NO ‐N contents of compartments containing roots and control compartments (windows closed with a membrane) containing no roots. The amount of nitrate leached from the compartments was quantified from the resin and has been taken into consideration in the calculation of the N depletion. The amount of N depleted from the compartments significantly correlated with root‐length density. Suboptimal N application to the crop reduced total biomass and seed‐yield formation substantially (24% and 38% for ‘Apex’ and ‘Capitol’, respectively). At the shooting stage, there were no differences in root production and N depletion from the compartments by the two cultivars between N₀ and N₂₂₇. But at flowering and seed‐filling stages, higher root production and accordingly higher N depletion was observed at N₀ compared to N₂₂₇. Towards later growth stages, the newly developed roots were characterized by a reduction of root diameter and a shift towards the deeper soil layer (0.3–0.6m). At low but not at high N supply, the N‐efficient cv. ‘Apex’ exhibited higher root growth and accordingly depleted nitrate‐N more effectively than the N‐inefficient cv. ‘Capitol’, especially during the reproductive growth phase. The calculated nitrate‐N‐uptake rate per unit root length was maximal at flowering (for the low N supply) but showed no difference between the two cultivars. This indicated that the higher N‐uptake efficiency of cv. ‘Apex’ was due to higher root growth rather than higher uptake per unit of root length.     

培养条件对甘蓝型黄籽油菜下胚轴的再生影响

以甘蓝型黄籽油菜GH01的下胚轴为材料，研究影响外植体芽再生的因素。试验结果表明，苗龄、预培养基的激素浓度和预培养时间、分化培养基等对芽再生频率均有较大影响。8d苗龄的下胚轴置MS 1．5mg／L2，4-D 0．1mg／L6-BA培养基预培养4d后，转分化培养基MS 4．0mg／L6-BA 0．05mg／LNAA 5．0mg／LAgNO3 0．6mg,／LGA3培养，可获得较高的芽再生频率。添加5mg／LAgNO3处理可防止外植体褐化并有利于芽分化；0．6mg／L GA3处理可促进胚状体形成，提高芽再生频率。GH01最高芽再生频率为40．50％。     

播期和密度对甘蓝型双低油菜“油蔬两用”菜薹与菜籽产量的影响

[目的]筛选出适合黄山地区的"油蔬两用"油菜品种和最佳农艺措施组合。[方法]选用3个甘蓝型双低油菜品种皖油28、同油杂2号、中双11,研究播期和密度对油菜生育期、菜薹和菜籽产量及综合经济效益的影响。[结果]推迟播期或增加密度都能缩短油菜的生育期。适当早播或增加密度均有利于提高菜薹和菜籽产量。皖油28的9月26日播期、密度225 000株/hm2的处理组合产值最高,综合经济效益最好。[结论]该研究可为优质油菜"油蔬两用"的推广和应用提供科学依据。